Sectors
The international accounting framework under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change specifies emissions sources and sinks that count towards Australia’s Kyoto Protocol target and provides guidance on approaches to, and methodologies for, calculating national emissions inventories. These are -
• Stationary energy: primarily carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation; from energy production in the petroleum refining, manufacturing, construction and commercial industries; and for domestic heating
• Transport: primarily carbon dioxide from combustion of liquid fuels for road and rail transport, domestic aviation and shipping
• Fugitive emissions: primarily methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emitted during the production, processing, transport, storage and distribution of coal, oil and gas
• Industrial processes: primarily carbon dioxide from chemical reactions associated with manufacturing processes, mineral processing, and chemicals and metal production
• Waste: primarily methane and nitrous oxide from solid waste sent to landfill, from the treatment of domestic, commercial and industrial waste water, and from solvent and clinical waste incineration
Other important sources are -
• Agriculture: primarily methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and cropping
• Land use, land-use change and forestry: in this sector, only emissions from land-use change activities—reforestation and deforestation—are counted towards Australia’s Kyoto Protocol target.
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